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Book Design, Layout, Printing, and Binding

P-Z

A book bound in paper. Also paperbound.

When setting type, there are two kinds of paragraphs: a plain paragraph has the first line indented and the other lines are flush; a hanging paragraph has a full, first line, and all the other lines are indented. A third type of paragraph, a block paragraph, has no indentation, but a line space separates it from the preceding and succeeding paragraphs, common in business letters.

The title of a division of a book, usually printed alone on a part title page preceding the following text. Part of the display matter.

The assembling of type, illustration etc. as a guide to the printer for makeup, or as camera-ready-art.

Adobe Acrobat’s native file. Portable Document Format that encapsulates type and images from highly compressed for web use, to low compression, high quality print work. Often used by print-on-demand printers for book formats.

Printer’s Error, which are corrected at the printer's cost.

Copy that is difficult to compose--heavily corrected, foreign language, mathematical symbols, etc.—usually billed at a higher rate.

See binding.

Written documents giving the author, or publisher, formal permission to quote or reproduce something from another work.

To mix up type accidentally.

One-sixth of an inch. See points.

A 12 point em.

Typewriter type: 10 characters to the inch.

When ink pulls loose paper fibers from the paper, this is called pick.

To reuse previously printed matter as part of a new work.

In digital art, the smallest piece of image information (picture element.) Each pixel can carry two types of information: intensity (white to black) and color (RGB or CMYK).

1) The image carrying surface for printing. 2) A printed image on smooth or coated paper.

Portable Network Graphics—a bitmapped digital image format with lossless compression. Created for the internet to replace GIF (Graphics Interchange Format).

One-twelth of a pica, 1/72 of an inch.

An image—reflective or transmitted—where the hue and intensity information is correct, as opposed to a negative or monochrome positive.

A preliminary part of a book containing the author’s statement regarding the purpose of the book, often including acknowledgments.

See front matter.

In book making the printing of the book; distinct from composition, makeup, and binding.

Also POD. A computer based publishing model, where books are printed (usually by a specialized lasterjet printer), trimmed and bound to order.

An error that is corrected at the printer, publisher, typographer’s expense. See author’s alterations.

Standard lithographic ink colors for color printing: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black. See control color.

Progressive proofs: color printing proofs, showing the colors individually and progressively as they are printed.

An impression or reproduction made from the film, plates, finished art, ect. to check for mistakes or deviations.

A system for marking copy or proofs to show corrections. See Proofreader's Marks PDF.

Type that varies in width: for example, narrower for an “i” than for an “m.”

Adobe Photoshop’s native image file extension.

In typesetting, to fill out a line of type with a blank space—a quad space.

A four-color reproduction of a black-and-white image. While CMYK is a four color system designed to reproduce full-color images, the four colors of a quadtone are not intended to reproduce a color image faithfully, but, rather, to enhance a black-and-white image.

Image tones in the shadow area (in RGB or in CMYK this would be the highlights).

A book made from standard size sheets, folded twice forming 4 leaves or eight pages. Sometimes applied to a 9 by 12 inch book. See folio and octavo.

The layout of a standard typewriter/computer keyboard. The first and uppermost letters start “qwerty.”

Type set with a unjustified right-hand margin.

Irregular margining, either left or right.

An initial that is set in a large size, sticking up beyond the first line of type. Used for the first sentence of a book or chapter. See dropped cap.

Inkjet and laserjet printers use a random or stochastic dot to create a virtually continuous tone image; as opposed to halftone printing where the dot pattern is regular—e.g. 120 line screen—and varies in thickness to create the illusion of continuous tone.

Chiefly British for flush.

Bit-for-bit image mapping of the image pixels. In most graphics programs, this also includes the number of bits per pixel—color depth—which determine the number of colors the pixel can represent. The larger the image the larger the file.

Converting text or art from vector based (scalable) to raster based. In Photoshop, for example, working with type is vector based, in a special type layer. Once the type is rasterized, it become raster based or bitmap, and is uneditable, but can be treated like any other image object.

Also camera raw. In digital photography it is the native format of a digital photograph, e.g. a Canon raw photograph is a different format from Nikon. For most photo editing software the raw files have to be converted into more standard formats (jpeg, tiff, etc.). Raw affords the photographer the best control over image quality if he makes the conversion rather than the camera’s processor.

The quality of some typefaces to be read comfortably or with better comprehension over a sustained period of time.

500 sheets of paper. See basis weight.

The right-hand page, in books having an odd-number folio. The image side of a print.

Numerals, letters, or symbols used at the point of reference in the text and correspondingly at the head of a note or footnote.

See end matter.

Painting, photographs, text, etc. on paper or other nominally opaque surfaces—called reflective because light hits the object and is absorbed, reflected, and transmitted, such that the viewer sees the art. See transparency.

To print an impression on a sheet in correct relationship to other impressions: for example, full color lithographic prints, printing in 4 colors, CMYK, each impression must be in register. When the impressions are not aligned, the work is said to be out of register. Registration is not so much a concern with inkjet: the registration of colors is adjusted on the print heads.

Marks used to align pages to keep in register. Although these marks print, they are outside the trim lines.

The use of a quad space after all periods ending sentences.

Also repro. The final proof with all the corrections. In photo-mechanical art, camera ready. A repro grade photograph is a photographic print suitable for its intended use; repro grade prints are made to size, with dodging and burning, usually with subtle differences in cast, letting the customer select the best settings.

A graphic element or type is said to be “reversed out” when the element or type is surrounded by color and the type or element itself is the paper color.

An additive color scheme of red, green and blue light—as in color monitors. There are three channels (each a grayscale) for each color.

A white streak or river running down a page between words, usually 3 or more lines. Rivers breakup the even appearance of type and, because they are distracting, are to be avoided.

Regular type as opposed to italic. See Type PDF.

A preliminary sketch showing only important areas, with no details.

A typographic element: a line.

In proof reading, to move material from the beginning of one line to the end of the previous line.

In proof reading, to move material from the end of one line to the beginning of the next.

1) To merge a paragraph with the preceding one. 2) To insert new copy into the text.

Type set in varying measure to fit around an illustration or a box.

See Heading. See Running Heads PDF.

1) In flush-and hang material, lines after the first; 2) the continuation of a heading on a second line; 3) a large amount of reset material.

Abbreviated SS

Letterforms that have no serif.

Determining the dimension of art to be enlarged or reduced.

1) In halftone printing, the dot pattern applied to an image. 2) A uniform pattern of dots applied to line copy to create tone. 3) As in screen printing: a technique using a mesh to support a stencil. A roller or squeegee is moved across the screen (mesh and stencil) forcing the ink through.

Type designed to resemble handwriting. See cursive.

See extract.

The stroke that projects beyond the top or bottom of the main stroke of a letter.

In graphic arts and printing, commonly a company that converts digital files to film or film to digital files. See imagesetter.

Also set size. Horizontal dimension of individual letter; generally, condensed, extended, fat or thin.

See offset.

See Binding

The darkest areas of an image, usually with very little detail.

In printing, a different form or imposition is used for each side of the sheet, as distinct from work and turn.

Heavy papers, folded and gathered for saddle stitching will creep or push out: if all pages were trimmed prior to gathering, the inside pages would have smaller outside margins. Shingling anticipates this by making sure the paper is big enough, and in extreme instances the gutter is adjusted to permit even alignment.

Printing that is visible from one side of a leaf to the other.

See Heading.

A sheet of a book folded and ready to be sewn. It is usually 32, 16, or 8 pages. If the paper is thin enough, a signature could be as much as 64 pages.

The apparent enhancement or diminishment of contrast color, related to the simultaneous exposure to a stimulus: or, simply, the way in which the colors of two different objects effect each other. Often a color appearing in on context appears to be different in a different context.

The vertical distance that any line or graphic element is dropped rom the tope of the normal page, measured from the top of the running head, or if there is not running head from the tip of the first line of text. It is measured in picas and points.

In digital art, a transformation that changes the angle of a line or shape relative to horizontal or vertical.

The angle of a downward stroke of type.

A sheet of paper slid under a translucent sheet. The slip sheet may have guides, letters, drawing on it—to assist in making a cleaner or revised drawing on the translucent sheet. In digital art, a white or black layer “slid” under a transparent layer with an object on it. It assists in cleaning up.

Roman uppercase alphabet that has the same height as the x-height.

Type set with no leading.

Forward slash. Also virgule, slant.

Letter spacing:	spacing placed between letters to justify a line or for display purposes. See Type PDF.
Word spacing:	spacing placed between words to justify a line or for display purposes. See Type PDF.
Line spacing:	spacing, called leading, placed between lined of type most often for readability and color. See Type PDF.

In a table, a column head covering two or more columns.

Short for specified. Specification on manuscript or layout.

The part of a book that is visible when a book is shelved.

See control color. Commonly a color generated by a non-standard offset ink. For example, a company’s logo may be made using a spot color so that it doesn’t vary from printer to printer.

Print varnish, or press varnish, is the application of varnish to a page. Because it is applied with a plate, where it is applied is controlled--hense spot varnish. It is does for protective purposes; e.g. solid black inks show finger prints, which a varnish coat prevents. An extra clear varnish, called water coat, is often applied to images to make them appear more glossy. Sometime the varnish coat can be tinted to warm or cool an image.

Same Size: used to indicate that a piece of art work is to be used at the size shown.